Interpretación moderna de Azazel, del Diccionario infernal de Colin de Plancy (París, 1825). Azazel es el nombre de una entidad espiritual. Su origen es hebreo y significa "la cabra de emisario", o "chivo expiatorio" expuesta en Levítico 16:8-10, y que no vuelve a ser mencionada en ninguna parte más de la Biblia hebrea canónica. Se origina de dos palabras de raíz, aze, significando la cabra, y azel, significando la salida. Otro posible origen del nombre es que sea un derivado de las palabras hebreas -az, que significa áspero, escarpado, y -el-, poderoso o luminoso (hay que indicar que este sufijo se aplica a casi todos los ángeles y a buena parte de los ángeles caídos); en tal caso sería una alusión a la montaña desde donde se despeñaban las cabras para su sacrificio.
Este nombre es mencionado en el libro apócrifo de Enoch (o Henoch), y más tarde en la literatura judía. De acuerdo con el libro de Enoch, Azazel era el líder de los grigori (también conocidos como los "observadores"), un grupo de ángeles caídos que copularon con mujeres mortales, dando origen a una raza de gigantes conocida como los Nephilim. Azazel es particularmente significativo entre los grigori porque fue él quien enseñó a los hombres cómo forjar las armas de guerra así como enseñó a las mujeres cómo hacer y utilizar los cosméticos.
Con el tiempo las enseñanzas de Azazel crearon tal iniquidad entre los hombres que Dios decidió destruir toda la vida en la Tierra con una gran inundación, salvando solamente a Noé, la familia de Noé, y a siete parejas de cada especie de animales "limpios", y un par de cada especie de animales "sucios", de los cuales escaparon a la destrucción viviendo durante un año en el Arca de Noé que Dios le mandó construir.
El nombre "Azazel" se encuentra en la Biblia en Levítico 16:8, 10, y 26, pero no se suele interpretar como una entidad o espíritu, sino que se le supone como la ceremonia del chivo expiatorio, que consiste en enviar al chivo expiatorio para vagar en el desierto junto con otra cabra a la cual se sacrifica ante Dios, después el "azazel" se conduce hacia las afueras del desierto y se libera como prueba de que no hay más culpabilidad en la comunidad.
Este nombre es mencionado en el libro apócrifo de Enoch (o Henoch), y más tarde en la literatura judía. De acuerdo con el libro de Enoch, Azazel era el líder de los grigori (también conocidos como los "observadores"), un grupo de ángeles caídos que copularon con mujeres mortales, dando origen a una raza de gigantes conocida como los Nephilim. Azazel es particularmente significativo entre los grigori porque fue él quien enseñó a los hombres cómo forjar las armas de guerra así como enseñó a las mujeres cómo hacer y utilizar los cosméticos.
Con el tiempo las enseñanzas de Azazel crearon tal iniquidad entre los hombres que Dios decidió destruir toda la vida en la Tierra con una gran inundación, salvando solamente a Noé, la familia de Noé, y a siete parejas de cada especie de animales "limpios", y un par de cada especie de animales "sucios", de los cuales escaparon a la destrucción viviendo durante un año en el Arca de Noé que Dios le mandó construir.
El nombre "Azazel" se encuentra en la Biblia en Levítico 16:8, 10, y 26, pero no se suele interpretar como una entidad o espíritu, sino que se le supone como la ceremonia del chivo expiatorio, que consiste en enviar al chivo expiatorio para vagar en el desierto junto con otra cabra a la cual se sacrifica ante Dios, después el "azazel" se conduce hacia las afueras del desierto y se libera como prueba de que no hay más culpabilidad en la comunidad.
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Azazel or Azazael or Azâzêl is a term used three times in the Hebrew scriptures, and later in Hebrew mythology as the enigmatic name of a character.
The term in the Bible is limited to three uses in Leviticus 16, where a goat is designated לַעֲזָאזֵֽל la-aza'zeyl; either "for absolute removal" or "for Azazel" and outcast in the desert as part of Yom Kippur.
Later Azazel was considered by some Jewish sources to be a supernatural being mentioned in connection with the ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi.).
Personification of impurity
The medieval mystic Nachmanides (1194-1270), identified the Hebrew text as referring to a demon, and identified this "Azazel" with Samael. According to some the very fact that the two goats were presented before God before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked with God, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of God.
Maimonides (1134-1204) says that as sins cannot be taken off one’s head and transferred elsewhere, the ritual is symbolic, enabling the penitent to discard his sins: “These ceremonies are of a symbolic character and serve to impress man with a certain idea and to lead him to repent, as if to say, ‘We have freed ourselves of our previous deeds, cast them behind our backs and removed them from us as far as possible’.”
The rite, resembling, on one hand, the sending off of the epha with the woman embodying wickedness in its midst to the land of Shinar in the vision of Zachariah (v. 6-11), and, on the other, the letting loose of the living bird into the open field in the case of the leper healed from the plague (Lev. xiv. 7), was, indeed, viewed by the people of Jerusalem as a means of ridding themselves of the sins of the year. So would the crowd, called Babylonians or Alexandrians, pull the goat's hair to make it hasten forth, carrying the burden of sins away with it (Yoma vi. 4, 66b; "Epistle of Barnabas," vii.), and the arrival of the shattered animal at the bottom of the valley of the rock of Bet Ḥadudo, twelve miles away from the city, was signalized by the waving of shawls to the people of Jerusalem, who celebrated the event with boisterous hilarity and amid dancing on the hills (Yoma vi. 6, 8; Ta'an. iv. 8). Evidently the figure of Azazel was an object of general fear and awe rather than, as has been conjectured, a foreign product or the invention of a late lawgiver. More as a demon of the desert, it seems to have been closely interwoven with the mountainous region of Jerusalem.
Azazel in Christianity
Cyril of Alexandria sees the apompaios (sent-away one, scapegoat) as a foretype of Christ.
Origen ("Contra Celsum," vi. 43) identifies Azazel with Satan.
Adventists teach that the scapegoat, or Azazel, is a symbol for Satan. It has been interpreted to be a prefigure of the final judgment by which sin is removed forever from the universe. Through the sacrifice of Jesus, the sins of the believers are forgiven them, but the fact that sins were committed still exist on record in the "Books" of heaven (see Revelation 20:12). After the final judgment, the responsibility for all those forgiven sins are accredited to the originator of sin, Satan. After which, Satan is destroyed in the Lake of Fire. Sin no longer will exist anywhere.
They believe that Satan will finally have to bear the responsibility for the sins of the believers of all ages, and that this was foreshadowed on the Day of Atonement when the high priest confessed the sins of Israel over the head of the scapegoat (Leviticus 16:21).
Some critics have accused Adventists of giving Satan the status of sin-bearer alongside Jesus Christ. Adventists have responded by insisting that Satan is not a saviour, nor does he provide atonement for sin; Christ alone is the substitutionary sacrifice for sin, but holds no responsibility for it. In the final judgment, responsibility for sin is passed back to Satan who first caused mankind to sin. As the responsible party, Satan receives the wages for his sin and the sins of all the saved—namely, death. Thus, the unsaved are held responsible for their own sin, while the saved are no longer held responsible for theirs.
Azazel in Islam
Azazel does not feature in the Qur'an, but is said to be the original name of Iblis, the Devil, Satan. Iblis was the Jinn (or spirit) who worshiped Allah (God) from amongst the ranks of the angels. He denied Allah's command to bow down before Adam and who later tempted Adam to eat from the forbidden tree. He made a promise to tempt mankind into sin and lead them all astray - those who are heedless of the signs of Allah (God).
The word Iblis means "to despair" and Azazil despaired of the Mercy of God, thus earning him that title.
The Quran does mention the story of two angels Harut and Marut, who were confined within the land of Babylon, teaching magic and other forbidden knowledge to those who seek such knowledge. As a request for dispensing any such information, they were required to declare that they were only there for the trial of men who inquired for knowledge of magic; anything they have taught (magic) can only harm and not profit the student at all. The Quran also mention some underlying correlation with the king Sulaiman (Solomon) without elaborating furthermore. There is no mention of penalty for the actions of the two angels.
The term in the Bible is limited to three uses in Leviticus 16, where a goat is designated לַעֲזָאזֵֽל la-aza'zeyl; either "for absolute removal" or "for Azazel" and outcast in the desert as part of Yom Kippur.
Later Azazel was considered by some Jewish sources to be a supernatural being mentioned in connection with the ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi.).
Personification of impurity
The medieval mystic Nachmanides (1194-1270), identified the Hebrew text as referring to a demon, and identified this "Azazel" with Samael. According to some the very fact that the two goats were presented before God before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked with God, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of God.
Maimonides (1134-1204) says that as sins cannot be taken off one’s head and transferred elsewhere, the ritual is symbolic, enabling the penitent to discard his sins: “These ceremonies are of a symbolic character and serve to impress man with a certain idea and to lead him to repent, as if to say, ‘We have freed ourselves of our previous deeds, cast them behind our backs and removed them from us as far as possible’.”
The rite, resembling, on one hand, the sending off of the epha with the woman embodying wickedness in its midst to the land of Shinar in the vision of Zachariah (v. 6-11), and, on the other, the letting loose of the living bird into the open field in the case of the leper healed from the plague (Lev. xiv. 7), was, indeed, viewed by the people of Jerusalem as a means of ridding themselves of the sins of the year. So would the crowd, called Babylonians or Alexandrians, pull the goat's hair to make it hasten forth, carrying the burden of sins away with it (Yoma vi. 4, 66b; "Epistle of Barnabas," vii.), and the arrival of the shattered animal at the bottom of the valley of the rock of Bet Ḥadudo, twelve miles away from the city, was signalized by the waving of shawls to the people of Jerusalem, who celebrated the event with boisterous hilarity and amid dancing on the hills (Yoma vi. 6, 8; Ta'an. iv. 8). Evidently the figure of Azazel was an object of general fear and awe rather than, as has been conjectured, a foreign product or the invention of a late lawgiver. More as a demon of the desert, it seems to have been closely interwoven with the mountainous region of Jerusalem.
Azazel in Christianity
Cyril of Alexandria sees the apompaios (sent-away one, scapegoat) as a foretype of Christ.
Origen ("Contra Celsum," vi. 43) identifies Azazel with Satan.
Adventists teach that the scapegoat, or Azazel, is a symbol for Satan. It has been interpreted to be a prefigure of the final judgment by which sin is removed forever from the universe. Through the sacrifice of Jesus, the sins of the believers are forgiven them, but the fact that sins were committed still exist on record in the "Books" of heaven (see Revelation 20:12). After the final judgment, the responsibility for all those forgiven sins are accredited to the originator of sin, Satan. After which, Satan is destroyed in the Lake of Fire. Sin no longer will exist anywhere.
They believe that Satan will finally have to bear the responsibility for the sins of the believers of all ages, and that this was foreshadowed on the Day of Atonement when the high priest confessed the sins of Israel over the head of the scapegoat (Leviticus 16:21).
Some critics have accused Adventists of giving Satan the status of sin-bearer alongside Jesus Christ. Adventists have responded by insisting that Satan is not a saviour, nor does he provide atonement for sin; Christ alone is the substitutionary sacrifice for sin, but holds no responsibility for it. In the final judgment, responsibility for sin is passed back to Satan who first caused mankind to sin. As the responsible party, Satan receives the wages for his sin and the sins of all the saved—namely, death. Thus, the unsaved are held responsible for their own sin, while the saved are no longer held responsible for theirs.
Azazel in Islam
Azazel does not feature in the Qur'an, but is said to be the original name of Iblis, the Devil, Satan. Iblis was the Jinn (or spirit) who worshiped Allah (God) from amongst the ranks of the angels. He denied Allah's command to bow down before Adam and who later tempted Adam to eat from the forbidden tree. He made a promise to tempt mankind into sin and lead them all astray - those who are heedless of the signs of Allah (God).
The word Iblis means "to despair" and Azazil despaired of the Mercy of God, thus earning him that title.
The Quran does mention the story of two angels Harut and Marut, who were confined within the land of Babylon, teaching magic and other forbidden knowledge to those who seek such knowledge. As a request for dispensing any such information, they were required to declare that they were only there for the trial of men who inquired for knowledge of magic; anything they have taught (magic) can only harm and not profit the student at all. The Quran also mention some underlying correlation with the king Sulaiman (Solomon) without elaborating furthermore. There is no mention of penalty for the actions of the two angels.
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